antisocial
adjective
1 averse to the society of others: UNSOCIABLE
2 hostile or harmful to organized society
especially: being or marked by behavior deviating sharply from the social norm
3 psychology: of, relating to, or characteristic of antisocial personality disorder
Although community placement before discharge reduces subsequent antisocial behavior, most have apparently required outpatient mental health services indefinitely …
— Nathaniel S. Lehrman
反社会指的是一种故意或非故意，不顾他人观感，而且可能对社会造成危害，无法增进公众福祉的行为。
反人性彻底反人性的文化，不仅仅在于它完全地彻底地扼杀人性中追求幸福自由的方面，以及善的方面，而且更在于其积极鼓动人性中恶的那一方面，将其发展到了登峰造极的地步。
反人类罪即在战前或战时，对平民施行谋杀，灭绝，奴役，放逐及其他任何非人道行为;或基于政治的，种族的或宗教的理由，而为执行或有关本法庭管辖权内之任何犯罪而作出的迫害行为，至于其是否违反犯罪的法律则在所不问。
The significance of History?
How do human civilization evolve
>development based on history and studies from the past
>constantly critique
>reasoning put people above
The hierarchy
The power
>>> human reasoning and recording/ learn from history = power?
If we should let organic object fade away
Do we close hospital and let people die?
The act of creation is human power?
Utilize and reorganize particles for complicated use = human power?
These objects as the extension of human >>> it is carrying information
Representing civilization/ history
This is why people hold dear to them, it is because it is an extension
The utensils becomes the vessel for intelligence/ emotion / mythology / beliefs
>>> reason an original is important
At the point we try to understand substance/ particles > name them+ catalog them > rearrange the particles
We think we have power over it / we can own it
No one owns anything. ownerships are temporary.
E.x. a cup can be used by a person, passed on to another person, when the object have a life span that is longer than the person at its contemporary, and if it is not deformed at the time period, it become an antique
But there should be distinction between the object and the idea
Museum should be able to synthesis and isolate them
E.x. when we read a book, after we understand the idea, we do not need to paper
>>> what is the idea beyond the physical object
This should be the priority of scholars, time and effort spending on preserving the original should not be the priority
To see an actual object in real life > original source
How is that different from seeing a replicated object
>if we are able to reproduce the objects from digital database
>possible to spread knowledge > make information accessible for more people
What about people cannot afford
Museum should not be an institution waiting for people to visit
It should be a media, an organization to promote, to advocate
>>> the monumental feeling/ architectural style (similar to institution) tend to use historical element to show the significance, but at the same time, making a hierarchy, make it distant from people
Darwinism
All species of organism arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual’s ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.
Transmutation of species / evolution (1859, On the Origin of Species)
Weismann barrier / central dogma of molecular biology
Weismann barrier
By August Weismann
The strict distinction between the “immortal” gem cell lineages producing gametes and “disposable” somatic cells, in contrast to Darwin’s proposed pangenesis mechanism for inheritance
August Weismann proposed that hereditary information moves only from germline to body cells and never in reverse. The concept proposed by Weismann did not support the Lamarckian view of the inheritance of acquired characteristics. However, Weismann's idea of a strict germline–soma barrier can now be challenged with research on mammalian germ cells using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from somatic cells.
Primordial germ cells, which are the mammalian precursors of sperm and eggs, are set aside early during mouse and human development. This early developmental decision that separates the germ line from the soma forms the basis of a fundamental concept of development, in which the soma perishes with each generation, whereas the germ line is considered to be 'immortal', as it passes genetic — and possibly epigenetic — information from one generation to the next. This demarcation between the germ line and the soma is apparently never breached, which is known as the Weismann barrier. Indeed, under normal circumstances, somatic cells in mammals are not known to contribute to the germ line after the lineage is specified.
This was the case until it became possible to reprogramme somatic cells into iPSCs. Using cumulative knowledge from advances in mammalian germ cell biology, Hayashi et al. managed to manipulate mouse cells so that they breached the Weismann barrier, demonstrating that it is possible, in principle, to take adult somatic cells and — via iPSCs — convert them into functional gametes from which live animals can be produced. They showed that iPSCs could be made competent for primordial germ cell fate, and that when these cells are exposed to the bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) signalling molecule, they undergo specification into primordial germ cells.
Irie et al. have recently shown that it is also possible to convert human skin cells into primordial germ cells via iPSCs, which paves the way for major advances in human germline biology. As well as advances in reproductive biology, this opens up an opportunity to investigate contentious issues, such as whether or not epigenetic information induced by environmental factors (as envisaged by Lamarck) can be transmitted to the next generation. It will also be possible to explore new gene-editing techniques for germline modifications, and above all, this research will advance our knowledge of early human development.
Democratic
Socialism
Naturalism
Civilization
A civilization or civilisation (see English spelling differences) is any complex society characterized by urban development, social stratification imposed by a cultural elite, symbolic systems of communication (for example, writing systems), and a perceived separation from and domination over the natural environment.
Civilizations are intimately associated with and often further defined by other socio-politico-economic characteristics, including centralization, the domestication of both humans and other organisms, specialization of labour, culturally ingrained ideologies of progress and supremacism, monumental architecture, taxation, societal dependence upon farming and expansionism.[2][3][4][6][7][8] Historically, civilization has often been understood as a larger and "more advanced" culture, in contrast to smaller, supposedly primitive cultures.[1][3][4][9] Similarly, some scholars have described civilization as being necessarily multicultural.[10] In this broad sense, a civilization contrasts with non-centralized tribal societies, including the cultures of nomadic pastoralists, Neolithic societies or hunter-gatherers, but it also contrasts with the cultures found within civilizations themselves. As an uncountable noun, "civilization" also refers to the process of a society developing into a centralized, urbanized, stratified structure. Civilizations are organized in densely populated settlements divided into hierarchical social classes with a ruling elite and subordinate urban and rural populations, which engage in intensive agriculture, mining, small-scale manufacture and trade. Civilization concentrates power, extending human control over the rest of nature, including over other human beings.[11]
Civilization, as its etymology (below) suggests, is a concept originally linked to towns and cities. The earliest emergence of civilizations is generally associated with the final stages of the Neolithic Revolution, culminating in the relatively rapid process of urban revolution and state formation, a political development associated with the appearance of a governing elite.
Nihilism is the philosophical viewpoint that suggests the denial or lack of belief towards the reputedly meaningful aspects of life. Most commonly, nihilism is presented in the form of existential nihilism, which argues that life is without objective meaning, purpose, or intrinsic value. Moral nihilists assert that there is no inherent morality and that accepted moral values are abstractly contrived. Nihilism may also take epistemological, ontological, or metaphysical forms, meaning respectively that, in some aspect, knowledge is not possible, or reality does not actually exist.
Antihumanism 反人文主义
In social theory and philosophy, antihumanism (or anti-humanism) is a theory that is critical of traditional humanism and traditional ideas about humanity and the human condition.[1] Central to antihumanism is the view that concepts of "human nature", "man", or "humanity" should be rejected as historically relative or metaphysical.
From works by Aristotle, Cicero, and Locke, human beings are equal in their worth as human beings, who are set apart from and above all other animals by virtue of their rationality.
Aristotle's biology manifests the teleological understanding of nature as purposeful, with human beings, as the only fully rational animals, being the highest embodiments of nature's purposes. That living beings act for the sake of ends, as if these ends were conceived in the mind of a cosmic artist, is for Aristotle a fact of observation. Yet it is a fact that he never tries to explain fully. The idea that nature had immanent causes analogous to those of a conscious artist remains mysterious. Equally mysterious, in Aristotle's account, is the capacity of the human mind to understand nature. If we believe anything at all, we must believe in the validity of rational thought as a grasping of reality. But rational thought, particularly at the level of intellectual intuition, cannot be fully explained, although it is itself the precondition for explaining anything at all.
Darwin suggests that by the laws of nature, humans are just one life form among many, with no natural end or purpose except to survive and reproduce.
Nihilism claims that there is no rationally discoverable standard in nature for giving moral weight to human life.
Darwin suggests that by the laws of nature, humans are just one life form among many, with no natural end or purpose except to survive and reproduce. Nihilism claims that there is no rationally discoverable standard in nature for giving moral weight to human life.
My thoughts are similar to Darwin and Nihilism in the way that I also believe humans are not more superior than other lifes. However, in my mind, humans, or any living organism, are not more superior than any objects with no life. They are not more superior than dirt, water, or rock.
Living organisms could be more complicated in their formation. They have the potential to grow and reproduce, yet the forming substances of any living matter, from molecular level, are the same as that of objects with no life. From my perspective, there is a loss in translation between human and animals, and between human to inanimate objects. Thus humans can never fully understand other living organisms or non-living matters comprehensively, on a metaphysical level. For example, it is easy to deduct from a rock that does not move or reproduce, to the conclusion that it is not a living organism. Yet one cannot know if a rock never thinks or reasons.
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